 There is an endless variety of handmade products produced in
Egypt. If one examines this merchandise and is familiar
with it over a span of years, it is easy to see that, even
though the Egyptians have been working metal, alabaster,
papyrus, glass and other materials for thousands of years,
their efforts continue to improve.
One of the many materials that Egyptians work with by hand is
brass, and they have a long history of doing so. One sees many products made from
it, from banquet trays to minaret finials. Like glass,
the Egyptians make a vast array of items. Amongst the items favored as souvenirs are pots, lamps, embossed plates and inlaid or reposed trays (the larger ones are often mounted on stands to serve as tables),
candlesticks holders, water-pipes, gongs, coffee sets, statues,
archaic style lamps, mirror frames, vases, swords, and many
others items.
History of Copper and Brass in Ancient Egypt
Brass is actually an alloy of copper and zinc (tin). When the two metals are alloyed there is a high increase in hardness and sharpness of the metal. The melting temperature is 1,005 ° C (copper alone is 1,083 ° C).
 Copper was the most common metal for everyday use in
ancient Egypt. Egyptian copper was especially hard because of
its natural content of arsenic. The material was probably
first worked during the Neolithic period (6th millennium BC). The oldest Egyptian copper
artifacts, including beads and small tools, date to the early 4th
millennium BC. It has been proposed that they were fashioned from native copper. According to this (unproved) theory working copper predated its extraction from ore.
Others claim that the metal was extracted from malachite, hydrated copper carbonate occurring in some abundance in Egypt and used as eye paint.
Various objects seem to have been somewhat common by the
Old Kingdom. Notably, a copper figure of Pepi I found at
Hierakonpolis also survives from the Old Kingdom.
Copper also became a measure used for common exchange in
ancient Egypt. Though rarely changing hands, it was used as an
equivalent, within a system of barter. Perhaps as early as the
Middle
Kingdom, the values of commodities such as bread, beer, clothing and just about every other item available for trade had their values expressed in comparable units based on the weight of
metals such as copper.
Ores containing about 10 to 12% copper were mined and
melted in the eastern desert and in the Sinai during ancient
times. The Wadi Maghara region was conquered by Djoser and exploitation
 of the ore seems to have begun during the third dynasty, though some experts claim there was never enough copper there to be exploited. There are traces of copper working at Buhen dating from the
4th and 5th
dynasties. The ore in the Eastern Desert became available to the Egyptians during the
Middle
Kingdom.
The copper mines in the Sinai desert were the aim of the first major Egyptian forays abroad and an important reason for imperial expansion into southern Canaan later. Since the
18th dynasty Egypt controlled this deserted region, thus breaking the monopoly the town of Arad had exercised over the locally extracted copper.
Copper was generally mined under dreadful conditions. The miners were the least fortunate captives from Egypt's wars of expansion, enslaved and worked to death in the mines in western
 Sinai, Timna and other locations in the Arabah Valley, which stretches from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead Sea.
A slag-heap in the Sinai desert has been estimated to contain 100,000 tons of dross, which would have meant a yield of about 5,500 tons of copper. The amount of copper the Egyptians produced annually was about four tons during the Bronze Age. This quantity is quite small
actually, and therefore, considerable quantities of copper had to be imported from Syria, Cyprus and other countries of the
region. For example, the tribute of the princes of Retenu to Thutmose III exacted in his 31st year included 40 blocks of native copper and lead and in his 38th year he received 276 blocks of crude copper.
Tin, a necessary ingredient for bronze, was not mined in Egypt and had to be imported from Syria.
The earliest known bronze objects date to the 2nd Dynasty (Spencer 1980: 88). There
 are also several well-known bronze objects from the
Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC).
These included a number of small scale bronze figures, both
royal and private. However bronze was not common until the New Kingdom (about 1550-1069 BC),
though Copper remained an important metal alongside bronze. The nature of objects made of copper changed with the advent of the harder
bronze, however. Copper tools and weapons ceased to be produced, while models of such tools were still sometimes fashioned in copper.
From the Third Intermediate Period we find a number of high
quality bronze objects produced in impressive scale, including
a number of statues of royal women.
In the Late Period small bronze statues (donations of private persons to temples) were produced in very high numbers. Most such bronzes in museums are without
provenance. Some were found in deposits (for example the 600 figures found in a wooden box at
Abydos, and thousands retrieved from the Karnak cachette, in the open court south of the
Great Amun Temple). The bronzes seem to have been produced at a number of local
centers and then taken to different temples.
Egyptian Brass Today
 Modern brass products take many shapes and forms, and may
be produced using a number of different techniques. These
objects may be of differing colors, between red and yellow,
but details, particularly when brass is used for depiction,
may have a number of different colors.
Copper (bronze or the brass) can be colored by heating, oxidizing or by using glass or oil colors, but the best technique of coloring copper is
inlaying, which is the most expensive (compared with the other techniques).
With this technique, the colors are limited. Red copper thread
is used to achieve a red-brownish color, silver thread is used
for white-silver, and oxidized copper thread is used for
black. This technique of coloring is usually used for Islamic
designs, which explains why such work is generally limited to
four colors (yellow, silver, black and brownish red).
The heating technique is not used often in Egyptian products because it is hard to use many colors in the same piece.
 The oxidizing method is the most common technique of
coloring brass or copper, especially in pictures produced on plates,
though some oil or glass colors may also be used if more
colors are needed. The basic chemicals used in the oxidizing
process includes cupric nitrate, cobalt nitrate and potash sulfurated (also known as liver of sulfur) copper sulfate,
and potassium sulfide in crystal and powder form. These are the basic chemicals used mostly by artists, sculptors and architects for coloring of copper, brass and bronze.
However, the problem with the oxidizing technique is that
the colors are not as long lasting as those products produced
using the inlaying technique. Particularly if an inlaid object
does not use black, it can be polished and cleaned repeatedly
without losing any of its shiny colors, while the oxidized
item looses the colors over time and cannot be polished.
However, the inlaid technique requires considerably longer to
design and inlay the colors, so it is also more
expensive.
 By closely examining an object, one can determine which
technique is has been employed. The inlaid technique looks very shiny, very clean and very well finished, but some of the oxidized
objects one can see the edges of the colors have run onto each other or out of its lines.
Also, items that have been in a shop for some time may have
oxidized and already some of the colors may have faded.
The manner of working designs into a brass object also
varies. Some of the factories do the hammering by hand while others do it by compressing (embossing) machines. The machine work will not be deep in the
object, such as a plate, but will create smooth, clear lines. The hand hammered
items will have deeper lines that are not as smooth.
The first step for making the plates is getting the brass sheets then cutting them as the design needs.
Brass sheets come in various sizes and some factories prefer to get the larger sheets and
 cut them by machine to suit their design needs. The designs are drawn on the sheets of brass using special tools
and other tools are used to shape the brass.
Brass Plates
To save time and energy some factories use a hot tar backing to support and protect the back of the brass material as it is being hammered or chiseled. Then they inlay the colors (if the plate will be inlaid). After this process is completed they hammer the edges of the hardened tar very carefully until it falls off. At this time the oxidizing process begins (if it will be oxidized). If it is to be inlaid the tar remains in place until the inlay has been completed.
Then the tar backing is carefully removed and the object, if
inlaid, is polished. Oxidized plates cannot be polished.
Brass Pots
Brass pots come in many different sizes. In Egypt, one may find them in many places such as hotels, restaurants, office buildings, homes,
etc, where they are often used for plants. Fortunately they are all almost the same quality,
but their price is most dependent on the thickness of the 
brass. Of course the decorated pots are more expensive than the plain ones because of the time involved in the workmanship. Usually the decorated ones are less thick than the plain ones, because the brass material is a hard material to reshape, especially when it is done by hand, and most of the pot work is
decorated in this manner.
Usually craftsmen make the shape of the pot and then weld the bottom
prior to the decoration process. However, others like to leave the bottom open
until they finish the decorating.
After the pot design is complete the rough marks are removed by
a polishing process to achieve the shine and smoothness desired.
Customers purchasing brass pots should hold the item to feel the weight and consider the decoration to make a decision if the asking price is reasonable. Also they need to put the pot up in front of
a strong light source to make sure that it has no holes that may have been caused by a bad weld.
Brass Lamps
Like other brass items, the thickness of brass in a lamp
determines much of the price, so be careful because the heavy
glass may be misleading. Look closely and feel the edges of the lamp
 (regarding of the shape of the lamp) to see how thick it is. Also check the finishing of the decorations.
Look for a very smooth, well finished lamp as opposed to a poorly finished
product that may cause damage to a table top or other surface.
The customer needs to make sure to test the lamp and check if the wiring is long enough.
Check to make sure the wiring is stable and well covered. Also make sure the light bulb socket is stable and not loose.
Some brass lamps contain glass, either colored or not, so make sure that all the pieces are very well sealed and none of them have fallen out. If the lamp has a chain, check it and make sure it is strong enough to hold the lamp and
that it is very well connected to the lamp body.
Finally, make sure after choosing your souvenir that you watch the seller wrapping it, because some of
them have been known to cheat and change the product while they are wrapping it, especially with products like plates.
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