The funerary complex of Amir Qurqumas, dating to 1506-07, adjoins
that of Inal to the north. Qurqumas was a Mamluk of Sultan
Qaytbay who became grand amir under Sutlan al-Ghuri. He was
the commander-in-chief of the armies, or 'amir kabir" at
the time of his death in 1510, and was said to posses strong
anti-Ottoman sympathies. Hence, he died before the Ottomans
overthrew the Mamluk regime of Egypt between 1516 and
1517.
However, the Ottomons, apparently took revenge on him
anyway, stripping the marble facing from the walls of his madrasa
(although according to another theory, it was actually al-Ghouri
who did this to incorporate the pieces into his own monument).
The residential units attached to the complex were taken over
for military purposes, and the storerooms were stocked with
gunpowder. They also constructed a poorly-built brick mill in
front of the building, which remains and has been partially
restored.
Ibn Iyas' provided us with an
obituary and a report on his funeral, which is historically an
interesting account of this ceremony during the mumluk period:
"The death of Qurqumas the Atabaki, Grand Marshal
of the Armies of Egypt, occurred on Tuesday the 23rd (of
Ramadan). Cairo went into mourning and his funeral
procession was followed by a numerous throng. The four Qadis
(judges) were there, and all the officers, junior and
senior, the principal civil officials and the notables. One
could say that no one of importance was missing in the
funeral cortege. Penitential alms of bread, dates and sheep
were carried before it, but when it arrived at the college
of Sultan Hasan, the common people seized these. At various
points along the route, pieces of silver (money) were thrown
over the bier. Sorrow and weeping were general because
Qurqumas was both benevolent and modest. When the procession
arrived at the Sabil of al-Mu'mini, the Sultan (Ghuri) left
the Hippodrome (below the Citadel) and came on horse to the
fountain. He dismounted and entered the oratory. When they
placed the bier in front of him, the Sultan kissed the dead
man, and then wept bitterly. After the prayer, the Sultan
helped carry the coffin for some paces, then the officers
took over in relays as they passed in front of the
procession. They went to the mausoleum built by the deceased
in the desert next to that of al-Ashraf Inal. He was buried
under the dome, God have mercy on him.
Qurqumas was a splendid officer, who enjoyed he
respect and the consideration of all. A former Mamluk of al-Ashraf
Qaytbay, he was manumitted by that monarch and subsequently
went up the ladder of promotion, beginning with the job of
second equerry. he had been a Commander of 1,000, Commander
of the Guard, and was appointed governor of the province of
Aleppo in the reign of Ashraf Janbalat, although he never
held the post. He was imprisoned in the citadel of Damascus
because of his inclination to the Amir Tumanbay the Dawadar
when the latter was proclaimed Sultan in Syria. When order
was established he was imprisoned with a number of other
officers in the citadel there. When Qansuh al-Ghuri came to
power he released him and summoned him to Cairo, where he
assumed the duties of Minister of War. Then he replaced Qayt
Rajabi as Grand Marshal when the latter was imprisoned in
Alexandria in 1505. He was thus marshal for six years and
two months less seven days. he was over 60 years old and had
been ill for four days. He left four young children, boys
and girls. His estate was valued at about 70,000 dinars,
without counting his movable property. He had manumitted all
his slaves, whether Mamluks, blacks, or slave girls."
This is only one of a number of buildings that Ququmas
built in Cairo's Northern
Cemetery (a part of Islamic
Cairo). Others included annexes,
kitchens, storehouses, lodgings, wells with saqiya, stables
and ablutions courts.
The funerary complex, which included a Friday
(congregational) mosque with
Sufi hudur services, has a layout very similar to that of Sultan
Qaytbay's mosque. It also included a rab', or apartment
building, a madrasa, a sabil-kuttab and a private residential
quarters, in addition to the mausoleum (which was found to
contain a skeleton matching Qurqumas' description). Teaching
at the complex seems not to have been specific to a particular
rite.
Like the Sultan Qaytbay's
mosque, the minaret is at the
right of the portal, with the sabil-kuttab on the left side
and the dome on the southeast corner of the building adjoining
the qa'a-plan prayer hall. The dome has the same
proportions and even the same scale as that of Qaytbay's
mausoleum, though of less intricate geometric adornment. Here,
the dome has carved lozenges in the lower part and a zigzag
pattern on the upper section.
 
Several views of the A view of the minaret of the complex
The minaret has lozenges carved
on the faceted middle section and a zigzag motif like that of
the mosque of Sultan Inal, but is also strikingly similar to
that of Qaytbay. There are three bent supports that
extend from the minaret finial which were used for hanging
mosque lamps.
An interesting feature that has been preserved in this
complex is the qasr (palace), the term used in the waqf deed to
designate the hall on the south side of the mausoleum. This
was a residence with large iron-grilled windows surmounted by
arched openings in pierced stone that overlooked the cemetery
to the south, east and west. It can be reached from the main
door in the courtyard or from an internal staircase on the
other side of the mausoleum. At ground level the arched rooms
provided space for storage and stables. The area above
includes an open courtyard, a large reception room, a bedroom
and a latrine. It was the practice of wealthy
founders of such large religious foundations to often attach
residential structures to their buildings, particularly if the
structure served Sufis, like the khanqah of Shaykhu, or was
located in the cemetery where the founder would attend feast
days and other occasions. Thus, the complex of Barsbay has
apartments attached to it, and this complex still has a maq'ad,
or reception loggia.
 
Left: An overall view of the complex; Right:
Close-in of the Dome
There were also apartment complexes, called a rab', that
occupied both sides of the cemetery road. These were duplexes
with units built on two floors. One side has
survived, with living units built on two floors and a latrine
on both floors of each apartment. Apparently the other side is
also somewhat intact. These cells are arranged along a
corridor in four symmetrical pairs and each unit is equipped
with its own spiral staircase. Each of these staircases twist
in the same clockwise (for descent) way. The idea was that one
would have to step with his right foot first, in accordance
with hadith. The foundation deed states
that these residential units could house up to eight members of the
foundation's staff, as well as others, meaning that the
inhabitants might be families with women and children. In
other words, the foundation, like many of its time, functioned
as a mosque with multiple duties as opposed to a khanqah with
a monastic community.
This complex was restored by a Polish-Egyptian Group for
Restoration of Islamic Monuments between 1983 and 1988, and
currently, the complex is being worked on by the Ministry of
Culture. During the midst of this work the founder's
residence was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1992. The
complex was almost beyond repair when this work commenced, and
the restorers have taken an interesting approach. They will
allow it to remain in a state of ruin with preservation,
allowing layers left exposed to show the functional division
of the building.
References:
| Title |
Author |
Date |
Publisher |
Reference
Number |
| Historical Cairo (A Walk
Through the Islamic City) |
Antonious, Jim |
1988 |
American University in Cairo
Press, The |
ISBN 977-424-497-4 |
| Islamic Monuments in Cairo,
A Practical Guide |
Paker, Richard B.; Sabin,
Robin; Williams, Caroline |
1985 |
American University in Cairo
Press, The |
ISBN 977 424 036 7 |
| Islamic Architecture in
Cairo: An Introduction |
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris |
1992 |
E. J. Brill |
ISBN 90-04-08677-3 |
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