All of the pyramid complexes at Abusir are ruined, as much by stone thieves as from the ravages of time. Sahure's complex, which he called "Sahure's soul shines", was probably the first pyramid built on the pyramid field at Abusir, and is significant both because of its construction materials and the kind of decorative reliefs used within the complex.  It was famous for its art in antiquity, and we today recognize the complex as another milestone of ancient Egyptian tomb architecture.

Specifically, the pyramid is smaller than previous ones, using a reduced volume of material for its construction in comparison with 4th Dynasty examples, though this was compensated for by better quality and more diverse types of stone. There was also a striking change in the layout of the mortuary temple and at the same time, the relief decorations of the mortuary and valley temples and the causeway are so rich in subject matter, artistic conception and the quality of workmanship that is represents the highest level of the genre that has yet been discovered from the Old Kingdom. Originally, there may have been some 10,000 square meters of such reliefs in these architectural elements, so it is no wonder that Sahure's pyramid complex, including its architectural plan and scheme of relief decorations, became the conceptual starting point for the designers of later royal tombs of the 5th and 6th Dynasties.

The early Egyptologist, Perring, first investigated the pyramid, and shortly after him, Lepsius also examined the structure, but perhaps because the pyramid looked so ruined, little attention was given to its excavation.  Later, de Morgan reopened the entry corridor, but he too showed a lack of interest in further explorations. Then, in the 20th century, Ludwig Borchardt finally recognized the pyramid's significance.  He wrote a two-volume study, Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahure ("The Funerary Monument of the King Sahure") that created a real interest within the Egyptology community. For many years, his work on the pyramid seemed complete, even though the pyramid was the subject of further studies.

But in 1994 when it was decided to open the Abusir pyramid field to tourists, new discoveries were made. Several of the monuments at Abusir, and particularly the pyramid complex of Sahure, were the subjects of restoration efforts.  During this process, several huge blocks in  the upper part of Sahure's causeway were discovered to be decorated with iconographically and artistically unique reliefs. They created a new understanding of the decorative program within the complex.

Surrounding Elements

Sahure's valley temple has two landing ramps, one giving access from the east and one from the south. As a rule, there would only be one, an eastern landing ramp, allowing access from the Nile by way of an artificial channel. However, the reason for this has not been established

The valley temple has a long axis oriented north-south with a southern and eastern ramp.  Eight pink granite columns adorned the temples eastern entrance, while the temple's south portico only had four such columns. The valley temple had a basalt floor, decorated walls and an astronomical ceiling. Both entrances lead to a central room within the temple with walls that are also decorated with polychrome reliefs. The predominant theme here is of the king in the likeness of a sphinx trading over a series of captive and bound enemies of Egypt. The central room in turn leads to the causeway that then leads to the mortuary temple. The room also had a stairway to a roof terrace. 

Little remains of the causeway except for the large, rough limestone blocks of its base ramp.  The corridor was originally roofed and had walls decorated in polychrome base relieve and a ceiling with small openings for illumination.  The causeway connected the pyramid and mortuary temple to a valley temple that today is much ruined. 

In 1994, Zahi Hawass decided to clean and reconstruct parts of Sahure's causeway, but in doing so he encountered a few surprises. While cleaning the upper part of the causeway, huge limestone blocks were unearthed that contained iconographically and artistically unique reliefs. Among others, some of the reliefs depict the bringing of the gilded capstone for Sahure's pyramid, the celebrations and performances accompanying the completion of the pyramid, and perhaps most importantly, a group of impoverished Bedouins that hunger has caused to be only skin and bones.

The scene depicting emaciated Bedouins is mirrored in what was once considered unique images in the Causeway of Unas's Pyramid. Until recently, that scene was considered proof of the decline of the standard of living among oasis dwellers in the Western Desert, resulting from the end of the wet phase of the Sahara and the beginning of an arid, hot climate in the middle of the third millennium BC. However, some now believe, based on the broader context of other scenes from Sahure's causeway, that the impoverished Bedouins may have been brought into the pyramid town to demonstrate the hardship and dangers the pyramid builders had to contend with in brining better quality stone from the remote, wild and inaccessible mountains.

The mortuary temple, as is common, lies on the east side of the pyramid on a foundation of two layers of rough limestone blocks. It is divided into an inner section and outer section by a central corridor. This corridor divided the complex into public and private sections, but also served as a central lane connecting the pyramid courtyard and the small cult pyramid. The corridor was paved in basalt, and its limestone walls have scenes of sea battles and expeditions to Asia, though only fragments remain. A stairway at the northern end led to a roof terrace.

In the outer part of the temple one finds the entrance hall and the open, columned courtyard. The entrance hall, built of fine quality limestone had an excellent decorative program.  In these ruins, a pink granite dado were found.

The open courtyard contained 16 monolithic pink granite columns, each of which was shaped like the trunk and crown of a palm tree, atop a floor of irregular black basalt slabs.  To the ancient Egyptians, these symbolized fertility and eternal life, and some Egyptologists believe that the open courtyard represented the sacred palm grove in Buto, Egypt's ancient "national cemetery". The columns were decorated with the names and title of Sahure, along with the goddess Nekhbet in the southern part of the courtyard, and the cobra goddess Wadjet in the northern half.  At one time the columns supported an architrave bearing the royal titles, and on it rested limestone ceiling slabs decorated with stars. On the courtyard walls we find the scenes, though very fragmented, of Sahure's victory of the Asians and Libyans, along with the spoils of those battles. In the northwest corner of the courtyard once stood an alabaster altar with scenes depicting the symbols of Egyptian unification (between northern and southern Egypt), along with scenes of offerings made to Sahure. Between the columns there may have originally stood statues of the pharaoh.

A corridor encircles the courtyard, and on its walls are scenes of Sahure fishing and hunting birds and other desert game. There is also a significant scene of the royal entourage and under the depiction of Neferirkare, we find text that was added, stating, "Neferirkare, King of Upper and Lower Egypt".  This is one reason many Egyptologists feel that Neferirkare rather then Shepseskare Ini succeeded Sahure. 

This courtyard served more then  the cult of Sahure.  A thousand years later, it also served the cult of Sekhmet, probably because of a fine relief sculpture of the lion goddess. Her consort was Ptah, and together they were the principle gods of nearby Memphis.  Later still, the early Christians in Egypt also founded a church in this courtyard.

The entrance to the inner section of the tomb is a stairway located in the middle of the west wall of the central, dividing corridor.  The stairway passes between two six-stalk papyrus pillars that are set into deep niches. They supported an architrave, part of which has been found in an oil press at St. Jeremiah monastery in Saqqara.

The Ground Plan of the Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir in Egypt

The stairs lead to an important section of the temple, a chapel with five niches. The statues that once stood in the niches are all probably destroyed. The walls of this chapel were covered in decorated limestone, with the exception of the niches in the west wall and the dado.  The niches and dado are covered in pink granite. The limestone ceiling was decorated with an astronomical theme and the floor was made of alabaster.

A path from the rear of the chapel, which only the funerary priests could use, leads to the Offering Hall. This was probably the most important room in the temple to the King's cult. This room too has an alabaster floor with an astronomical ceiling decorated with stars. Here, the walls are decorated with scenes depicting divinities carrying offerings for the dead king.  This room sits adjacent to the East wall of the pyramid and there is an enormous, granite false door on the rooms west wall. The door should have had inscriptions of magical spells, and the names and titles of Sahure, but it does not. This has led some Egyptologists to believe that it was once covered in either copper or gold that was inscribed with this information. The ancient Egyptians believed that the spirit of the dead king would come here through the false door for his meals. Food offerings stood ready for him on a stone alter.

Annexes adjoin the Offering Hall and were probably used for storage and other functions connected to the hall.  Some of these rooms were plumbed with copper pipe, with drainage to a central canal paved over with limestone.  In fact, there was some 180 meters of pipe running through the temple. Another section of the annex was designated as a treasure chamber, where ritual objects used by the cult priests were stored. Parts of the southern section of annexes include two storied storage chambers.

The southern end of the central corridor also leads to the main pyramid courtyard, the smaller cult pyramid, and to a portico with two pink, granite columns that then led to a necropolis. The necropolis is most likely where Sahure's close relatives are buried, though it has not been investigated. 

The enclosed, cult pyramid, though small in comparison to the main pyramid, nevertheless has two steps and an inner chamber, though nothing was found inside.  Though the cult pyramid was greatly damaged by stone thieves, we can tell that the entrance corridor  first descended before rising into the inner chamber. 

The Pyramid

Due to the pyramid complex's ruined condition, exact specifications and the pyramids appearance is impossible to determine. The pyramid is probably founded upon a platform made of at least two layers of limestone blocks, but this assumption relies on the study of other relics in the area, as the foundation has never been investigated. The core was built of horizontal layers of rough limestone blocks and it originally had six core layers. The casing was of fine, white limestone from the quarries near modern Maasara. It is interesting to note that a design flaw within the pyramid's architecture resulted in the southeast corner being 1.58 meters too far to the east.  Therefore, the pyramid is not completely square. 

The entrance to the pyramid is on the north face just above ground level. At first there is a short, descending corridor that leads to a small vestibule. Behind the vestibule is a pink granite portcullis, after which the next corridor has a gradual incline, becoming level near the antechamber.  The antechamber and burial chamber are so ruined that their exact plan cannot be determined, though the antechamber lies directly beneath the pyramid's vertical axis.  

Technical:

Main Pyramid

• Original name: Sahure's soul shines
• Date of construction: 5th dynasty
• Original height: 48 m / 160 ft
• Angle of inclination: 50^o 30'
• Lengths of sides of base 78.5 m / 262 ft

Cult Pyramid

• Original height: 11.6 m / 38 ft
• Angle of inclination: 56^o
• Length of sides of base: 15.7 m / 51.5 ft

See Also:

• Pyramids of Ancient Egypt 

References:

Title	Author	Date	Publisher	Reference Number
Atlas of Ancient Egypt	Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir	1980	Les Livres De France	None Stated
Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, The	Shaw, Ian	2000	Oxford University Press	ISBN 0-19-815034-2
Pyramids, The	Verner, Miroslav	1997	Grove Press	ISBN 0-8021-1703-1