The ancient island of Elephantine, opposite modern
Aswan in
southern Egypt, was served by several temples dating back from
the Ptolemaic Period to the
Early Dynasty
Period. Perhaps the
most famous of the temples on the island is the Temple
dedicated to the god Khnum, but to the north of this, behind
the museum building there is the site of a small Temple of
Satis, which was only recently restored by the German
Archaeological Institute under Dr. Gunter Dryer. Satis was the
consort of Khnum.
This earliest shrine was set in a niche formed by the
granite rocks of the cataract just below the reconstructed
temple. Now excavated, this temple dating to the Early Dynasty
Period must be one of the oldest remaining temples in
Egypt, though it is not certain whether
Satis was worshipped
here. Though no texts has been discovered, many votive
offerings found within the shrine are figures of children (and
also a squatting ape holding it's young), and it has been
suggested that the shrine may have been frequented by mothers
either hoping to give birth, or bringing thanksgiving
offerings for a newly born child. Originally, there was
thought to have been a cult image that stood here that was
protected by two small mudbrick rooms, but unfortunately, it
is no longer extant. In front of these rooms was either a
courtyard enclosed by more walls, or possibly even a roofed
hall.
By the Old
Kingdom, the small shrine had been replaced by a
larger court or hall, in the center of which was a pedestal
made of layers of mudbrick and matting, with a wooden pole at
each corner. This could have been a sort of stand on which to
rest a portable tent shrine housing the image of the cult
deity.
Among the votive offerings found at the shrine were objects
inscribed with the names of a few kings from the 6th
Dynasty.
Most were plaques bearing the names of Pepi I and
Pepi
II.
Rock inscriptions of the kings Merenre and Pepi II were found
on the walls of the niche in which the temple sat.

Above: Layout of the
progressive temples dedicated to Satis
Below: Scenes from the New Kingdom Temple including (left)
Khnum & Tuthmosis III,
(above right) Satis in a boat, and (below Tuthmosis III and
Khnum

In the early part of the Middle
Kingdom (11th
Dynasty), a completely new
shrine was built of mudbrick and also carved and painted
stonework. In turn, this structure was replaced late in the Middle Kingdom, during the
12th Dynasty, by a temple
built completely of stone. Both of these structures were
basically extensions of the Old
Kingdom temple.

Interior of temple showing the stairway leading to the more ancient temples
However, in the New
Kingdom, a dramatic change took place
when the 12th
Dynasty stone temple was dismantled and the
ancient shrine filled in with blocks of stone to the level of
the top of the boulders. The area was then paved over and the
18th Dynasty kings, Hatshepsut and
Tuthmosis
III, built a new
stone temple on top of the old one. However, a shaft in the
floor of the new temple built into
it's floor connected it with
the original shrine below. Hence, to travel down these steps
is to descend back into time. This temple was modified and
extended through the Greek period.
The main gods of Elephantine
were all worshipped in the new
temple built mostly by Tuthmosis
III, including Khnum,
Satis and Anuket.
This small temple consists of several rooms and a surrounding
gallery. Interestingly, the entrance is located to the right
of the front facade of the temple. It communicates with a
large hall with two pillars that are decorated with Hathor
heads. Within this hall, a doorway on the northern rear wall
leads to a chapel dedicated to Amun, while a door on the left
of the rear wall leads to other rooms.
The newest, reconstructed temple has carved and painted
stone blocks showing mostly Tuthmosis
III in front of various
members of the Elephantine
triad. In some areas where
the original blocks are missing (only 500 blocks were
recovered), the German team literally drew in missing scenes,
though in a very sensitive manner.

Scene, showing lines drawn by the German teem
References:
| Title |
Author |
Date |
Publisher |
Reference Number |
|
Aswan Philae - Abu Simbel |
Magi, Giovanna |
1995 |
Bonechi |
ISBN 88-7009-241-0 |
|
Atlas of Ancient Egypt |
Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir |
1980 |
Les Livres De France |
None Stated |
|
Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, The |
Wilkinson, Richard H. |
2000 |
Thames and Hudson, Ltd |
ISBN 0-500-05100-3 |
|
Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, The |
Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul |
1995 |
Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers |
ISBN 0-8109-3225-3 |
|
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, The |
Arnold, Dieter |
2003 |
Princeton University Press |
ISBN 0-691-11488-9 |
|
Sacred Sites of Ancient Egypt |
Oakes, Lorna |
2001 |
Lorenz Books |
ISBN (non stated) |
Archives
|