Under Sultan Hasan, in 1354 AD, Amir Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Umari
rose through the ranks to become Commander-in-Chief and al-Amir
al-Kabir, or "Great Prince". He was the first to
hold this latter title. However, his personality is said to
have alternated between cruel and mystical. Together with amir
Sarghatmish, who had been for years his fierce rival, Shaykhû belonged to "perhaps the last generation of
Mameluke who had been thoroughly educated for public service.
He was known to have repeatedly interfered in religious affairs,
but was also commended for his piety in washing the dead during the
" Black Death". He is remembered for at least one lasting innovation regarding an important element of etiquette at the Sultan's court: He decreed that no person, with the exception of the Sharîf of Mecca, should sit
near to the Sultan. He was murdered in 1357 at more than fifty
years of age, but prior to his death, he build and endowed a mosque
and madrasa,
together with a Khanqah (a religious hostel for Sufi monks),
(built five years after the mosque and madrasa) just across
the street. The two buildings, though built at different
times, share many similar architectural elements.
He established professorships in the four madhhabs, or
rites, in Prophetic traditions and in Quranic readings,
endowing them with considerable wealth, though the famine of
1403-1404 AD largely reduced the school's holdings. The mosque
itself originally housed 20 sufis. Some of their cells remain
preserved behind the northern walls of the mosque. Later, when
the Khanqah was across the street was finished, the sufis,
together with their first headmaster, moved into the new
complex.
The mosque and madrasa date to about 1349 AD, and according
to al-Maqrizi, the historian, was one of the mosque
outstanding and beautiful in Egypt. It is located on the
northern side of Saliba Street ("Cross Street"),
which runs from below the Citadel to the mosques of Ibn
Tulun and Sayyida
Zaynab. The minaret, which stands above the portal's vestibule, employs prismatic triangles for the transition from the square base to the octagonal shaft.
The entrance to the mosque leads first into a vestibule where
three of the walls have embedded pieces of polished black
glass. The original purpose of this glass may very well have
simply been decorative, but others have suggested that it was
meant to protect the establishment against jinns, or evil
spirits, or possibly used as curing panels which anybody with
an ailment seeking relief could touch or lean against. Just
after entering the vestibule, to the right is a locked door
leading to a tomb that was perhaps originally intended for the
founder. However, after the khanqah was built, he chose to be
interred there instead.
This mosque combines hypostyle features with a cruciform
plan. It is built in the style of a small congregational
facility. After the vestibule there is a courtyard where to
the left, a small mashrabiyya
enclosure extends out from the wall. Dating to the
mid-eighteenth century, this was meant to contain water
jars. On the qibla side of the rectangular courtyard is an arcaded sanctuary, which is faced by another arcaded hall across the courtyard. The two lateral sides of the courtyard are each occupied by a recess that opens onto the courtyard through a double arch sustained by one column only.
Like many of the mosques in Cairo,
the building is not naturally oriented towards Mecca. Hence,
inside the qibla wall (the wall oriented to Mecca) of the
sanctuary is bent in a diagonal away from the street. Here, an
interesting architectural element is also the stone minbar,
which are normally made of wood. This is one of the very few
ancient stone minbars that still exists in Cairo. Along its
sides are geometric decorations that have largely eroded away.
There is also a carved stone dikka
(a device to hold the Quran) dating to 1555-56, which is very
beautiful. It consists of a rectangular platform mounted on
eight columsn and today it continues to be used for Quran
readings and lecturing during festive occasions. The mihrab
(pulpit) has traditional alternating courses of red, white and
blue stone, and its marble paneling belongs to the type
favored in the mid-fourteenth century. However, in the lowest
reg9ister there is glazed tile that seems to have been
imported from Tunisia or Spain and embedded at a later date.
Indeed, this is a most beautiful mosque of a most
interesting period of Egyptian history, the Mameluke
dynasties when slaves became the rulers of Egypt.
References:
| Title |
Author |
Date |
Publisher |
Reference
Number |
| Al Qahira |
Sassi, Dino |
1992 |
Al Ahram/Elsevier |
None Stated |
| Cambridge Illustrated
History Islamic World |
Robinson, Francis |
1996 |
Cambridge University Press |
ISBN 0-521-43510-2 |
| Historical Cairo (A Walk
Through the Islamic City) |
Antonious, Jim |
1988 |
American University in Cairo
Press, The |
ISBN 977-424-497-4 |
| Islamic Monuments in Cairo,
A Practical Guide |
Paker, Richard B.; Sabin,
Robin; Williams, Caroline |
1985 |
American University in Cairo
Press, The |
ISBN 977 424 036 7 |
| Mosque, The: History,
Architectural Development & Regional Diversity |
Frishman, Martin and Khan,
Hasan-Uddin |
1994 |
Thames and Hudson LTD |
ISBN 0-500-34133-8 |
Archives
|