The adoption of the horse drawn
chariot by the
Egyptians, some two hundred years before the time of
Tutankhamun, not only changed the character of their
methods of both hunting and warfare, but also gave
artists an opportunity to introduce a greater
element of liveliness and movement into their
representations of some of the royal activities.
Even the peace-loving
Akhenaton and his queen,
Nefertiti, are frequently shown in the wall reliefs
of the tombs of the high officials at Armana riding
in chariots followed by their daughters, also in
chariots, each chariot drawn by a pair of richly
caparisoned, lively steeds.
Tutankhamun is portrayed
on his painted casket both hunting and fighting in
chariots, and again on the pal of his fan, shooting
ostriches from his chariot and returning from the
hunt. The conception of the king as a dashing
warrior and a huntsman was an innovation of the
Eighteenth Dynasty and the image was maintained as
an artistic convention whether or not it
corresponded with reality in the case of a
particular king.
On this openwork gold buckle
Tutankhamun is shown riding in his chariot,
ostensibly returning from fighting against the
Asiatics and the Nubians. Two captives, one from
each enemy, are being driven in front of the chariot
harried by the king's hound. They are bound together
by the stems of a papyrus and a lily. It is simply a
heraldic device, without foundation in historical
fact, for there is no evidence that Tutankhamun took
part in any military exploit. Moreover, as the
Asiatics occupied the territory northeast of Egypt,
and Nubia lay to the south, it would have been
geographically impossible to wage war against both
these enemies in a single campaign. The heraldic
nature of the representation is further emphasized
by all the other elements in the composition: the
protecting vulture of the goddess
Nekhbet of Upper
Egypt hovering above the king and extending towards
him the sign of life, (or ankh); the winged
cobra-goddess
Wadjet of Lower Egypt behind him
embracing with its wings the oval ring, or
cartouche, bearing his throne name, Nebkheperura;
and to the left of Wadjet, the cluster of
papyrus
growing in a swamp, also symbolizing Lower Egypt. In
the bow-shaped field at the base of the buckle the
same general idea is represented by somewhat
different symbols. In the center is the hieroglyphic
sign for "unification" (sema); bound to it by
the stems of a papyrus and a lotus flower are a
bearded Asiatic and a Nubian captive. Flanking the
group, on the right, is the lily of Upper Egypt and,
on the left, the papyrus, with two buds, of Lower
Egypt. An approximate interpretation of the two
scenes would be that Tutankhamun, protected by the
goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet and supported by the
people of Upper and Lower Egypt, will vanquish all
his enemies.
The king is clad in a long pleated robe, similar
in appearance to the robe in which he is depicted on
the pal of the fan when returning from the ostrich
hunt. In actual hunting he wore a leopard skin
corselet and a kilt with ornamental apron. He holds
in each hand a pair of reins and also a bow in his
left hand and a whip in his right, both objects
represented in such a way that they do not conceal
any part of the king's arms or hands. The case for
the bow is attached to the outer side of the chariot
and the quiver, with arrows projecting above it, is
suspended from Tutankhamun's girdle. The chariot
itself is a light vehicle, lighter than the four
state chariots found in the antechamber of
Tuankhamun's tomb, but apparently not unlike the two
chariots whose dismembered elements had been placed
in the treasury of the tomb. The horses have hogged
manes and their headstalls are decked with ostrich
plumes, sun's disks, and streamers, but the artist
has failed to show any connection between the reins
and the bit. A conspicuous feature of the harness
and housing of the only horse that can be completely
seen is the edging in fine gold applied granules.
The same kind of decoration has also been used on
the king's wig and collar, the chariot, and the
collar of the hound.
The sheet gold of which this buckle is made shows
the same rose pink color as some of the gold beads
in the necklace from the gold mask. In this instance
some of the film appears to have been deliberately
removed, but it is also possible that it failed to
adhere to the surface through some fault in its
application.